Biogenesis theory of disease Essays

Biogenesis theory of disease Essays Biogenesis theory of disease Essay Biogenesis theory of disease Essay Why is biogenesis important for the germ theory of disease? Are they mutually exclusive or highly dependent on each other? The germ theory of disease is the theory that microorganisms are the cause of specific diseases, and the theory of biogenesis claims that living cells must come from other living cells. Biogenesis is important for the germ theory of disease, and the two are dependent on one another. Microorganisms, which are microscopic living cells that are bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, microscopic algae, or viruses, can  reproduce, and are the cause of disease. These living microorganisms will invade anything that they can live on, (such as food, animals, plants). With this being said, these microorganisms are invading live cells, and reproducing, which can then cause disease. Who first suggested that the use of aseptic techniques would have a profound effect on the contraction of human diseases? In your answer, be sure to describe this effect. Aseptic technique, which is still used today, is a procedure that is  preformed under sterile conditions to prevent any contamination from microorganisms. Joseph Lister, an English surgeon, first applied this technique and encouraged this in surgery, and for medical procedures to keep from transmitting infection to patients. Lister applied the germ theory to medical procedures, as he was aware that physicians were not properly disinfecting their hands, and were transmitting infections from one patient to another, (Tortora, Funke Case ). Aseptic technique is practiced today in the medical field to keep  patients from infection. By using sterile equipment and applying this technique, we are protecting patients from microbial contamination that could potentially harm them. Reference: Tortora, Gerard J. , Berdell R. Funke, and Christine L. Case. The Microbial World and You. Microbiology: An Introduction. Boston: Pearson, 2013. Print.

Business Proposal for the Launching Commercialisation of Tropical Health Drink

Business Proposal for the Launching Commercialisation of Tropical Health Drink Business Description Since it was founded in 2005, Tropical Coffee House (TCH) has become one of the most preferred small-sized establishments for people who like to blend unique leisure experiences with the art of healthy living. Headquartered in London, TCH operates several other outlets in Essex, Kent and Surrey in line with its core mission of taking memorable experiences and quality services to the customers’ doorstep.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Business Proposal for the Launching Commercialisation of Tropical Health Drink specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More TCH has enjoyed huge popularity among young and working class high-end customers who enjoy spending for quality and experience, rather than quantity and price leadership. TCH is embedded in a family business model, although it has over the years shed off the family tag by recruiting professionals based on merit and engaging in efficient manageme nt of key resources to remain competitive in today’s dynamic markets (Sirmon Hitt 2003). TCH offers a wide range of products and services, which include blended coffee, diet-sensitive burgers and hotdogs, organic and fruit concentrate health drinks, cakes, sauna baths and gym facilities. Most of its existing products and services are priced at a premium to penetrate the upper-end consumer market segment which remains substantially underrepresented in most European markets. Recently, the company’s management undertook customer satisfaction surveys and found that most high-end consumers are attracted to health drinks prepared using â€Å"high protein† and â€Å"natural† products (Jacobsen 2015). Having seen this as an opportunity for growth, the company’s management and selected beverage professionals have been working on the formulation of a product that uses â€Å"high protein† and â€Å"natural† ingredients to develop a high-value h ealth drink. These efforts have produced a new product known as Tropical Health. TCH has also seen the need to blend the new product with different natural flavours (e.g., orange, strawberry, lemon, vanilla etc) to provide consumers with choices and enhance diversification (Barett, Balloun, Weinstein 2000).  The main objective of this business proposal is to demonstrate how Tropical Health will be launched into the market and also to seek for financial and managerial support from potential backers. Investors in the industry might want to know why TCH is keen on diversifying its health products at the expense of more traditional products such as blended coffee and diet-sensitive burgers. The truth of the matter is that contemporary consumers have become more health-conscious and available literature demonstrates that there is a huge market for products developed using high protein and natural ingredients (Jacobsen 2015). Business Opportunities Potential Customers Tropical Health w ill target high-end, health-conscious consumers who have the means to sample the best that the market has to offer. The company is targeting customers who want to spend their money on innovative products that provide substantial health benefits in spite of their premium cost. This market segment is substantially underutilised in the United Kingdom (U.K.) as most companies in the sector target low and middle-class consumers.Advertising Looking for proposal on project management? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consequently, the targeting of this consumer market will enhance customer value by assisting the company to fulfil the needs of this particular segment. It will also assist TCH to become more popular and to develop a reputation for its Tropical Health brand, hence creating competitive advantage (McMillan 2013). Geographical Area TCH intends to launch Tropical Health in its London establishment, although there is a possibility for expanding into other outlets in Essex, Kent and Surrey depending on initial demand. London has a wide range of high-end customers due to its reputation as a business and commercial hub. Additionally, the city is densely populated and is also known as the preferred destination for international conferences that bring together moneyed delegates from all over the world (Lewisham Business n.d.; London n.d.). As such, potential investors should realise that TCH has a high potential to succeed in launching its high-protein health drink due to city’s population dynamics, socioeconomic endowment, and reputation as a global business hub. Business Competitors Although the U.K. experiences high competition in the health drinks industry (Creating New Choices 2014), only a few companies specialise in the production of fleshly squeezed juice with 100% fruit content equivalent. Some hotel establishments such as The Ivy, River Cafe, Cibo and Fat Boys are known to provide v arious variants of fruit juice and health drinks to high-end consumers within London and its environs. Most of these competitors have a huge capital base and have been in operation for a long time. However, research demonstrates that these competitors rely on organic and energy-boosting ingredients to make their health products despite the fact that health-conscious customers are increasingly being attracted to high-protein health drinks (Jacobsen 2015). This strength serves to guarantee potential investors and managerial professionals that, although the competition for the health drinks market in the U.K. may be stiff, there are still areas that can provide excellent opportunities for growth if TCH becomes keen on exploiting prevailing consumer needs and expectations (Stokes Wilson 2010). Marketing Strategy Costing and Pricing Launching a new product often occasion managerial challenges due to difficulties in setting the appropriate costing and pricing budgets (Luan Sudhir 2010). TCH has identified how products with similar attributes have historically responded to the variables of costing, as demonstrated below. It is important to note that pricing of the new product will be premium-based not only to recover costs but also to achieve alignment with intended target customers.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Business Proposal for the Launching Commercialisation of Tropical Health Drink specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Table 1: Costing for Tropical Health Cost Description Amount Fixed costs Costs that TCH must pay irrespective of the quantity of the health drink produced or sold (e.g., rent, insurance, advertising/promotion) â‚ ¬260,000 Variable costs Costs that fluctuate directly with the level of business activity or sales, such as raw materials costs, production costs, and labour costs â‚ ¬550,000 Total â‚ ¬810,000 Sales Projection Based on the previous sales of T CH’s organic health drinks, it is estimated that the company will sell â‚ ¬1.5 million worth of Tropical Health in the first two years of production. Sales are projected to grow at 30 percent annually for the next three to six years. Potential investors might query how these figures have been formulated. It is important to note that the estimations are based on the ready market for high-protein health drinks (Jacobsen 2015), as well as the actual sales realised by TCH in its organic health drinks segment. Marketing Plan Product: Tropical Health fulfils customers’ needs due to its immense health benefits. Place: TCH intends to use its main outlet in London as the preferred distribution channel for launching the new product. However, depending on demand, TCH will use its other establishments to reach a wider customer base and projected sales objectives. Price: Tropical Health will be priced at a premium as it targets high-end consumers. Although the price of the new p roduct will be determined by factors such as production costs, market share and target customers, the underlying justification is to price it at a premium to achieve product and customer differentiation (Barett et al. 2000). Promotion: TCH will use viral marketing and word-of-mouth to advertise the new product with the view to not only differentiating it from competitors but also developing a good relationship with customers (Barett Weinstein 2015). It is important to satisfy potential investors by underscoring that the preferred promotional tools are cost-effective and easy to use (Barett et al. 2000; Luan Sudhir 2010).Advertising Looking for proposal on project management? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Business Operations Operational Function Although TCH operates under a family business model, it has six professional managers with wide experience, master’s level education, and other key competencies in entrepreneurship. The company has adopted an innovative management style, whereby work-flows are results-oriented and senior manager always strive to develop new and better ways of doing things (Benfari 2004; Armstrong 2009). TCH intends to use competitive recruitment to hire three more food and drink specialists to assist it in blending high-protein natural ingredients for use in the new product. Competitive recruitment will also be used to hire two senior managers and several support members to oversee the commercialisation of the new product. Most managerial decisions are made through consultation, though a few important ones must be sanctioned by TCH’s founder. Finally, managers and employees are compensated and rewarded based on education, responsibilities, and i ndividual productivity. Products and Services Offered TCH can be termed as a small enterprise interested in the provision of premium-priced products and services (e.g., blended coffee, diet-sensitive burgers, health drinks, cakes, sauna baths and gym facilities) to lock into the high-end market segment. Tropical Health product will be a new addition to the company’s staple. The new product is intended to satisfy an emerging market for high-protein and naturally blended health drinks (Jacobsen 2015). Personnel TCH utilises Mintzberg Five Parts of an Organisation model to not only recruit employees into respective areas of the business, but also to ensure alignment of human capital between and among the sections. This model will be utilised in the development, launch and sale of the new product. The five parts include (1) the operating core which is responsible for performing the basic work of developing the new product by securing inputs, processing them and arranging for the product’s distribution to customers, (2) the strategic apex which is responsible for formulating and implementing strategies that are designed to facilitate the achievement of organisational objectives, (3) the middle line managers who are responsible for linking the strategic apex to the operating core by managing information flows up and down the hierarchy and by coordinating the work of junior staff, (4) the techno-structure which consists of food and drinks specialists who are responsible for setting the standards relating to work processes, outputs and skills, and (5) the support staff who are responsible for providing back-up services to other components of the organisation (Quader 2007; Armstrong 2009). Finances Revenues It is expected that the launch and commercialisation of Tropical Health will bring approximately â‚ ¬1.5 million in sales revenues within the first two years of business. TCH’s organic-based health drinks brought â‚ ¬800 million in profits within the first two years, implying that the new venture is bound to impact positively on the company’s bottom-line. Going by the high demand for high-protein, naturally-blended health drinks in the market today (Jacobsen 2015), it is anticipated that the sales revenues for the new product may surpass â‚ ¬2 million within the first two years if senior management adopts an effective marketing mix and if the company serves a wider geographical reach (Barett Weinstein 2015). These sales revenues justify why potential backers should consider investing in the launching and commercialisation of the new product. Expenses Fixed and variable costs for the launching and commercialisation of Tropical Health product are around â‚ ¬810,000. If provisions for unforeseen expenses are made, it is correct and justifiable to argue that all expenses for the launch and commercialisation of Tropical Health will not surpass the â‚ ¬1 million mark. These expenses are viable for a small business enterprise that wants to make it big in the high-end consumer market. However, financial and managerial support is needed from potential backers to offset these costs and spur the product line into profitability. Financial Projections Owing to the prevailing high demand for high-protein, naturally-blended heath drinks not only in London but also in other major cities in Europe (Jacobsen 2015), it is expected that the sales revenues for the new product will grow at annual rate of 30 percent for the next three to six years after the launch of the new product. It is projected that TCH will be able to attract potential investors, who will finance all activities related to the new product for the next 12 to 24 months in return for a 10 percent stake of the product’s net revenues for the next five years. Alternatively, potential investors may undertake a 50 percent equity financing in return for a 5.5 percent stake of the product’s net for the next three years. Thes e arrangements are critical in helping TCH to expand its product offerings to other areas and outlets within eight to twelve months after launch with the view to becoming a market leader in the provision of high-protein, naturally-blended health drinks to the high-end consumer segment. Reference List Armstrong, M 2009, Armstrong’s handbook of human resource management practice, 11th edn, Kogan Page, London. Barett, H, Balloun, J Weinstein, A 2000, ‘Marketing mix factors as moderators of the corporate entrepreneurship-business performance relationship: A multistage multivariate analysis’, Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, vol. 8 no. 2, pp. 50-61. Barett, H Weinstein, A 2015, ‘Corporate entrepreneurship, the marketing mix, and business performance’, Proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science, vol. 46 no. 1, pp. 144-150. Benfari, RC 2004, Understanding and changing your management style, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA. Creating new choice s: The 2014 UK soft drinks report 2014, britishsoftdrinks.com/write/mediauploads/bsda_annual_report_2014.pdf. Jacobsen, J 2015, ‘2015 new product development outlook’, Beverage Industry, vol. 106 no. 1, pp. 56-65. Lewisham business growth strategy 2013-2023: Strengthening Lewisham’s economy by creating growth and local jobs n.d., https://www.lewisham.gov.uk/mayorandcouncil/aboutthecouncil/strategies/Documents/LewishamBusinessGrowthStrategy2013-2023.pdf. London: A destination guide for associations n.d., http://cdn.londonandpartners.com/cvb/files/LP%20Association%20Directory_Interactive.pdf. Luan, YJ Sudhir, K 2010, ‘Forecasting marketing-mix responsiveness for new products’, Journal of Marketing Research, vol. 47 no. 3, pp. 444-457. McMillan, J 2013, The importance of market segments, mcmillantech.co.uk/articles/MarketSegments.pdf. Quader, MS 2007, ‘Human resource management issues as growth barriers in professional service firm SMEs’, Journal of Services Research, vol. 7 no. 2, pp. 115-161. Sirmon, DG Hitt, MA 2003, ‘Managing resources: Linking unique resources, management and wealth creation on family firms’, Entrepreneurship: Theory Practice, vol. 27 no. 4, pp. 339-358. Stokes, D Wilson, N 2010, Small business management and entrepreneurship, 6th edn, Cengage Learning, Boston, MA.

Admissions essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Admissions - Essay Example Moving in and out of state and having to go to different towns and strange places because we could not seem to attain permanence in keeping a ruined family, I eventually dropped out of high school and got my GED yet managed to obtain a hairstylist license after attending a beauty college. These were the times it occurred to me how real and excruciating the world could get at receiving various criticisms and discriminations from several people that it almost led me to bitter mistrust and disillusionment. In the process, however, I also learned to be flexible in dealing with different types of people and defend a good cause whichever side it is. My self-confidence even increased when I worked as a flight attendant for fourteen year, spending fifteen years in total in the airline industry which had taught me beyond the value of customer service. Sincerity of personalized service and letting people in general know how much you care specifically at instances when injustice is prevalent, is such a rewarding experience. My first marriage at the age of eighteen lasted a brief span of a year and a half while my present marriage has fortunately struggled forward with a partner who is fourteen years my senior. Relationships have by far enabled me to stretch my patience and find significant worth in listening and understanding an individual prior to raising any unnecessary arguments. I realize that besides holding good set of reasons to drive myself in asserting the most justifiable points, there is actually more to seeking to first heed the other person’s concern and settle the issue with both sides accounted for. Despite pregnancies and difficult times of getting on and off with school since 2005, the desire to pursue law studies does not cease and I particularly prefer specializing in family law and work on the area associated with juveniles. Knowing how tough and delicate this is in

Change management final assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Change management final assignment - Essay Example Change has become imperative to manage the dilapidated financial system. It has become more urgent to necessitate change because of organizational changes happening at the facility. The administration model had changed from direct provider of services to managed care organization (MCO), requiring funding for patients. Under the new model, budget is decided by the state on the strength of patients attended by PBH. Technology can prove instrumental in bringing efficiency, as manually processed transactions are time and resource consuming. Currently, PBH is being managed on IBM AS/400 server. It lacks integration with the software that is being used. There is nothing like automation. The start up accounting functions need full IT back up. Data synchronization is not possible. All data has to be entered manually on billing and payment, created in the care management software and entered into HTE, the financial managing software on the AS/400 system. It takes a lot of more time of the employees, resulting in productivity loss and recurring chances of feeding wrong data. Accessing information from the HTE system is time-consuming, taking extra time in report generation. Lengthy reports are hard to customize and channelling the right information to the related staff is arduous. It is draining the limited IT resources at the command of PBH. Taking note of the problems being faced at work, the PBH team has finally selected Microsoft ® Gold Certified Partner InterDyn – Artis to implement Microsoft Business Solutions –Great Plains ® software, which is a part of Microsoft Dynamicsâ„ ¢ as its business management solution. Microsoft Dynamics is a provider of integrated, flexible business management solutions that an organization can rely on to make responsible business decisions with greater surety and guarantee of success. Microsoft Dynamics functions like known and trustworthy Microsoft software like Microsoft Office, which means less need to learn on the

Shakespeare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Shakespeare - Essay Example Since Desdemona belongs to this society, Iago successfully redirects Othello’s suspicion towards her. Othello subconsciously supposes that Desdemona is one of the members of the society that would rather enslave him, if he did not have the military skill. As a result, he thinks that Desdemona could betray easily because of his racial inferiority. So, in a sense, his respectable position in the white society is also the platform of his own destruction. Indeed Iago knows this the race-induced anxiety of Othello’s mind very well. Therefore, he successfully manipulates it to bring about his destruction. The following speech of Othello is quite emblematic of his inferiority-induced distrust for Desdemona: This fellow’s of exceeding honesty And knows all quantities, with a learned spirit, Of human dealings†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Haply, for I am black And have not those soft parts o f conversation That chamberers have, or for I am declined Into the vale of years—yet that’s not much— She’s gone, I am abused, and my relief Must be to loathe her.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Look where she comes If she be false, heaven mocked itself. I’ll not believe ’t. (Shakespeare Act III, Scene iii 257-278) In this soliloquy, Othello expresses his wavering belief in his wife Desdemona’s chastity. ... He compares himself with other courtiers who are civilized and well-conversed than he is. He also touches on another possibility that Desdemona might cheat on him because he is old. But immediately, he dismisses such possibility and retains his earlier assumption that Desdemona might have betrayed him because of his race. But at the end of this soliloquy he reasserts his faith in Desdemona: â€Å"If she be false, heaven mocked itself./ I’ll not believe ’t.† (Shakespeare Act III, Scene iii 257-278) Here one thing is vividly remarkable that Othello never doubts Iago’s rumor. Throughout the whole play, it seems that he hears and believes Iago’s words without any much question. Even more, he attests that Iago is an extremely honest man who has a deep insight into human nautre, as he says, â€Å"This fellow’s of exceeding honesty/ And knows all quantities, with a learned spirit, / Of human dealings† (Shakespeare Act III, Scene iii 257-278). In this regard one may ask why a wise general fails to question Iago’s integrity and whether Iago is expert enough to deceive the experienced general. Indeed there is no doubt that Iago is an expert manipulator. Though as an experienced general Othello should have questioned Iago prior to doubting his wife, he fails to do so because he might have been blindfolded partly by the fact that Iago belongs to the white society for whom he nourishes a sense of revere from the very starting of his free life in it. But he is mainly blindfolded by his distrust for the society. Though he never condemns the society directly, he holds himself his racial status responsible as an inborn sin or guilt of him. Such racial inferiority complex makes him insecure in the face of Iago’s manipulation. In a racially-fragmented society, Othello have

Conflict between Freedom and Determinism

Conflict between Freedom and Determinism Freedom, Determinism Responsibility Instructions Demonstrate an understanding of the underlying conflict between freedom and determinism and the various options for resolving that conflict. Demonstrate my own thinking about the problem, must show that I have made a determined effort to grapple with the problem. Essay is written for a cold audience; theyre smart, but they have no prior knowledge of what Im talking about. Try to organize your essay so that each part of it builds up a defence of your position. Introduction The idea that human beings exercise free will seems commonsensical; that is, we understand that when we act, we were capable of acting otherwise than we did. It may come as a surprise to hear that this is actually a hotly contested claim, and it has been subjected to philosophical scrutiny for thousands of years. The position that I will be defending is called hard determinism, a view that up until several months ago, I was blissfully unaware even existed. Hard determinism is the view that humans exist within the causal loop of the universe, that our actions are inextricably bound to the laws of nature. It proposes that human behaviour is caused by an individuals personality, desires and values, but that their personality, desires and values are caused by external antecedent factors over which the individual has no control. These factors can range anywhere from genetic predisposition to their upbringing to the cultural norms of the society they happened to be born in. In short, hard determinism rejects the notion of human agency. The objective of my paper is two-fold: 1) To make the argument that the thesis of determinism does not undermine our every day conceptualization of the will, but simply proposes an explanation for the cause of what we call moral behaviour. 2) To make the argument that the thesis of free will and moral responsibility does not cohere with the thesis of determinism; or in other words, to attack the compatibilist/soft-determinist view. Different interpretations of determinisms truth exist. So I guess here I would outline specifically what the different views of determinism are, just like that dudes paper LOL. I would identify mine and elaborate on the arguments. This definition admits a â€Å"will† or a desire-that-produces-action, but it admits no â€Å"free will† or free desire. Libertarians subscribe to the notion that human actions are uncaused and undetermined. They operate on the premise that humans are capable of originating acts, initiating a sequence of events, self-governing and thus we are independent of natural causal chains. Clearly formulate and explain the position you hold. In order to defend your position of hard determinism, I need to undermine their defence of freedom. Libertarians attack determinism by making a case for the exceptions theyre pointing to. Their only point of attack to make a case of their counter example; I need to prove their counter-example is not true. You can point to the sorts of suppositions that libertarians are making about human beings. Question the plausibility of those suppositions; the idea that were autonomous, the idea that we exist somehow outside of the causal loop. I also argue against the claim of human uniqueness held by Libertarian philosophers, so look at Chisholm and look at Lewis, who kind of touches on that. Libertarians argue that humans are capable of originating acts, initiating a sequence of events, self-governing and thus we are independent of natural causal chains. Libertarians maintain that freedom and moral responsibility are logically incompatible with determinism. They believe that for humans to be free, there must be some instances, fundamentally, human action, which are not the effects of causal antecedents. But if this were true, then the human will must be subject to a special kind of explanation. Libertarians seem to support partial determinism, which suggests a break in the ongoing process of cause and effect. For instance, history is not characterized by a linear progression, whereby one cause produces certain effects and so on ad infinitum. Instead, life can be described as a vast tree with an infinite number of branches, which divide into numerous possible directions. Yet, for human action to transcend causal determinism one of two possibilities must be fulfilled: i) events themselves must be uncaused and therefore random, or ii) particular events must be causi sui (the cause of itself). Refuting the compatibilist/soft-determinist poses more of a challenge, as they share common ground with a hard determinist. Outline the main points and objectives of my paper and establish which of the 3 classical positions I hold. In this case, it is hard determinism. As such, I seek to prove that the thesis of free will does not and cannot cohere with the thesis of determinism. I also argue that the thesis of determinism does not undermine our every day conceptualization of the â€Å"will,† it simply â€Å"proposes the source of what causes us to fall back on moral behaviour.† Then why do we act morally? Because it is evolutionarily useful for us to do so. Ruse says that true morality developed over time evolutionarily. Talk about monkeys nigga lol. Well see how that works out. For both of the following paragraphs, draw specific arguments from the readings, explain those arguments in my own words, critically assess the arguments and make clear why you accept or reject those arguments. Its harder to defend yourself against soft determinism. Give the main argument or arguments in its defence. State as clearly and forcefully as you can the main objections which would be raised by those holding the other positions. So here I can explain libertarianism and soft determinism. Rebut those objections. Libertarians argue that humans are capable of originating acts, initiating a sequence of events, self-governing and thus we are independent of natural causal chains. Libertarians maintain that freedom and moral responsibility are logically incompatible with determinism. They believe that for humans to be free, there must be some instances, fundamentally, human action, which are not the effects of causal antecedents. But if this were true, then the human will must be subject to a special kind of explanation. Libertarians seem to support partial determinism, which suggests a break in the ongoing process of cause and effect. For instance, history is not characterized by a linear progression, whereby one cause produces certain effects and so on ad infinitum. Instead, life can be described as a vast tree with an infinite number of branches, which divide into numerous possible directions. Yet, for human action to transcend causal determinism one of two possibilities must be fulfilled: i) events themselves must be uncaused and therefore random, or ii) particular events must be causi sui (the cause of itself). Human independence in the strong sense for our lives to be meaningful and important. How do you hold people morally responsible in a deterministic world? Focus on the deliberative process; theres no compulsion or constraint, then were freely deliberating and thus can be held morally responsible. Libertarians often worry about â€Å"objective worth.† Look at Kane in Fischer. Its true that all of our behaviour is causally determined. Look at Widerker and how he talks about how youd act if there was an announcement that the universe is deterministic. Would you feel like your life is meaningless? A third argument for incompatibilism was formulated by Carl Ginet in the 1960s and has received much attention in the modern literature. The simplified argument runs along these lines: if determinism is true, then we have no control over the events of the past that determined our present state and no control over the laws of nature. Since we can have no control over these matters, we also can have no control over the consequences of them. Since our present choices and acts, under determinism, are the necessary consequences of the past and the laws of nature, then we have no control over them and, hence, no free will. Opposition to determinism promotes that without belief in uncaused free will, humans will not have reason to behave ethically. Determinism, however, does not negate emotions and reason of a person, but simply proposes the source of what causes us to fall back on moral behavior. Anyone susceptible to immoral actions from the idea of determinism was susceptible before and does not hold strong moral judgment prior to the idea. Determinism implies the moral differences between two people are caused by hereditary predispositions and environmental effects and events. Simply because the cause of a persons morality (depending on the branch of determinism) is not entirely themselves, this does not mean determinists are against punishment of people who commit crimes: independent of moral judgement, punishment can still serve to modify a persons behaviour. Another point of view is that if determinism is true, and free will is not, then morality and ethics are meaningless concepts. Morality and ethics require that a choice can be made in order for these concepts to have any meaning. But if a person has no choice, in the case of a deterministic world with no free will, then it does not make sense to say whether individuals can make more (or less) ethical or moral choices, because there are no options available to them except the one they must deterministically follow. I will use the words determinism and causality interchangeably to mean approximately the same thing, with determinism referring to the more general state of the world and causality referring to more specific causal relationships. On the other hand, Sam has argued that morality can be studied scientifically. This would require operationally defining morality (Harris suggests a definition akin to a behaviors probability of maximizing human wellbeing but the definition itself is not the focus of his argument). Harris goes on to suggest that, given that human brains have certain properties, we could go on to identify objectively superior moral frameworks; that is, multiple optimized ethical systems may emerge that satisfy our definition of moral.

Slavery In 19c :: Slavery Essays

Slavery in 19th Century   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A justified institution as the 19th century emerged; the infamous institution of slavery grew rapidly and produced some surprising controversy and rash justification. Proslavery, Southern whites used social, political, and economical justification in their arguments defining the institution as a source of positive good, a legal definition, and as an economic stabilizer. The proslavery supporters often used moral and biblical rationalization through a religious foundation in Christianity and supported philosophic ideals in Manifest Destiny to vindicated slavery as a profitable investment. They also examined the idea of popular sovereignty and the expansion of slavery in territorial plans like the Kansas-Nebraska scheme to support their arguments. The proslavery advocates even went far enough to include the constitution as a fair legal justification for their practices. Clear-cut attempts to bend the rules on the legality of slavery in documents like the Lecompton C onstitution made some rationalizations look weak and rash in concept. With the South’s slavery dependent and fragile economy, Southerners were ready to fight for their survival with whatever means were necessary. Proslavery whites launched a defensive against slavery, which explained the â€Å"peculiar institution† as a positive good, supported, in fact, by the sacred words of the Bible and the philosophy of the wise Aristotle. The moral and biblical justification surrounding their belief that the relations between slave and man, however admitting to deplore abused in it, was compatible with Christianity, and that the presence of Africans on American soil was an occasion of gratitude on the slave’s behalf before God. Basically, the slaves should have been grateful for their bondage. Plantation owners even stressed religion by teaching the slaves the principles of Christianity and by brainwashing the slaves into thinking they were blessed by God to be given a mas ter who cares for them and a Christian family to live with. In accordance with religion, proslavery Southerners used the idea of Manifest Destiny. The belief that God predestined the United States for a hemispheric career to defend their fragile position by explaining that slavery promoted territorial expansion, thus adhering to the expansionist principles of Manifest Destiny and promoting slavery as a positive good. Southerners used this argument timely right in the middle of an era of domestic expansion led by President Pierce and supported by people like Stephen Douglass. Douglass proposed the controversial Kansas-Nebraska act a plan to resolve a sectional imbalance in newly surveyed territory, which directly relied on the idea of popular sovereignty to be compromised.

Induction of Employees Essay

Starting a new job is stressful for most employees because of the initial feeling of being out of place and under pressure to make a positive impression to fellow co-workers and managers. It is therefore important that all new employees are made to feel welcome and valued and are also made aware of what is expected of them during their employment (Macdonald 2004, p. 104). Induction is regarded as the final stage of recruitment and selection but the first phase in the training and development of new employees. Induction is the process of familiarizing new employees to the company and their jobs with the aim of giving the employees a proper understanding of how things are done. Induction also known as orientation serves the purpose of providing a transition for the employee from college to work life. Since most employees start their work with a desire to succeed, induction programs offer the opportunity for them to achieve this (Compton and Nankervis 2009). Ideally an induction program involves a tour of the building showing the fire exit points, toilets, meeting and break rooms, important offices like the CEO’s office, supplies office and the Human Resources Department. The induction program will be determined by the type of job, cultural practices and structure of the organization. Induction for smaller companies might even involve a conversation with the Human Resources Manager while that for large organizations might involve several weeks of training and supervision (Compton and Nankervis, 2009). During the recruiting process, new recruits always have high expectations about their new jobs and the company. They might also have unrealistic expectations which might not be met leading the recruits to have feelings of dissatisfaction and anxiety. In general, unmet expectations lead to employee dissatisfaction which in turn leads to high employee turnover (Werner and DeSimone 2009). Some companies do not view the orientation of employees into an organization as important. Some take it as a waste of time and they therefore conduct the programs in a haphazard way. Others might not have the programs at all which will result in the employee going straight into the job without any idea on what to do. The induction of employees has benefits such as reduced employee turnover, lower recruitment and selection costs, increase in employee morale. It also reduces the anxiety levels of employees. Overly anxious employees might increase costs in the area of education and development, turnover and absenteeism (Compton and Nankervis 2009). In today’s competitive working environment, orientation programs are not meeting the goals they were designed for. The reason these programs fall short is due to lack of planning, lack of expectations and the feeling of disillusionment by most employees. Attracting qualified workers includes offering higher salaries, better benefits and career advancement opportunities. With such increased costs, retention of employees becomes the main focus of a company instead of production (Squidoo 2010). Mistakes that are made during the induction process include activities such as bombarding new recruits with a lot of information on the first day and expecting them to memorize it, showing boring or outdated orientation videos, giving lengthy lectures about irrelevant information and failing to provide the new worker with a work station that has necessary facilities such as a computer, phone, printer and internet connection. Some employers also fail to give out any work leading the recruits to sit idle for most of the day (Squidoo 2010). The most frequent complaints about employee orientation programs is that they are overwhelming to the new employee thereby not providing the smooth transition that is needed to begin working. It becomes overwhelming especially if there is a test or quiz at the end of the program which requires the new recruits to remember all the information they have just been presented with. This adds on more pressure to the already anxious worker. Most Human Resource Managers involve a lot of paperwork on the first day especially if the information required has a deadline. They might require the employee to fill in forms with regards to their pay, compensation and benefits. There might also be contractual paperwork which the employee has to go through and sign. This process might take a lot of time and there might be some issues which the employee does not understand and there is no one around to clarify (Werner and DeSimone 2006). Other shortfalls of induction programs are the fact that there is a lot of one way communication instead of two way communication. The program coordinator usually fails to involve the recruits in the exercise which explains why it ends up being boring. Encouraging participation will ensure the program is lively and runs smoothly. The programs also fail to evaluate the recruits properly. Most induction coordinators use tests or quizzes as methods of evaluating the employees which are not the best. This puts on more pressure and anxiety to the employee who is already too anxious. Induction programs also lack follow-up in some companies meaning once they are done the employees are all on their own. This is especially the case if the program runs for only one day. Assigning mentors ensures that they have someone to turn to in the event they face a problem while carrying out their jobs (Werner and DeSimone 2006). Swinton (2005) provides examples of induction plans that fail in their intended purpose. Such an example is the pitiful induction plan where there is basically no induction program that has been prepared. According to her the new recruit will be lucky to have his own workspace or have co-workers introduce themselves to him or her. Since there is no effort for orientation, the recruit finds it hard to put in effort in their work especially when they do not know what to do and how to do it. Another example of a failed plan is the mediocre induction plan where the coordinator uses past orientation material that is outdated and irrelevant to conduct the program. This plan also uses very detailed information which proves to be overwhelming, cumbersome and boring to the new recruits. Some also use financial reports, health records and company reports as a way of informing the employees about the new company (Swinton 2005). Having other workers conduct the orientation program has its benefits as well as disadvantages. While the worker gets the actual feel of how the job is done, they are more prone to bad influence from the workers inducting them. Bad influence comes in the form of misuse of office supplies, taking extended breaks, coming late to work and leaving early before the recommended time. Those employees who do not undergo proper induction learn by observing what their fellow co-workers do. This might be to their detriment as they are more likely to pick up bad habits from co-workers who come to work late and spent a small amount of time in a day doing actual work. Induction programs that are not conducted properly end up being a waste of time and resources for both the employer and the employee. The quality of the staff induction program says a lot about a company and how important it views its employees. Employees will work harder for a company that shows it values them by providing quality induction programs. Companies should put in the same effort they do to induction programs when they create programs for attracting and retaining customers.

Neolithic Revolution Paper Essay Example

Neolithic Revolution Paper Essay Example Neolithic Revolution Paper Essay Neolithic Revolution Paper Essay The Neolithic revolution paved the way for modern humans to advance in all aspects of daily life. During the Paleolithic era early humans lived nomadic life styles and traveled with their extended family. If early humans hadnt stumbled upon far mining we wouldnt have the social, economic, or religious foundations needed to form a civilization. But the discovery of a greater food source doesnt necessarily mea n better lives for everyone. Agriculture has its downsides and lead to slavery, patriarch y, and the modification of nature. The discovery of agriculture culminated the path to m Idem humans to become an advanced civilization. When early humans began to farm it created a social structure for present civilizations (Crash Course). Social structures are social organizations based o n similar characteristics between different relationships. These social structures began Neolithic towns such as Mesopotamia in which when people began to farm it I dead to a food surplus. Mesopotamia was located between the Euphrates and Tigris rive errs and is an excellent example of an early Neolithic town(Crash Course). People often g ether around reliable resources which is why you see so many civilizations around r Fivers (Acknowledge). But farming is a really complicated activity. So hard that pee people began to enslave other human beings and use them to create a free human la four force (Crash Course). This created a social hierarchy in Mesopotamia in which the SSL eaves are at the bottom of the chain and kings were at the top (Hierarchy Structure). Buy tin foraging societies they lived in isolated regions and had nomadic lifestyles. The eye lived wherever it was rich in game and had affordable foods (Acknowledge). The discovery of farming eventually lead to job specialization.

buy custom Fascinating Nursing Essay Example on Passive Euthanasia

buy custom Fascinating Nursing Essay Example on Passive Euthanasia Nursing Essay Example on Passive Euthanasia Abstract The problem of euthanasia occupies an important place among the many medical, legal, and religious issues. Because human life is a core value of the modern civilization, the problem of euthanasia has acquired especially high significance nowadays. Value of human life in relation to all legal and moral realities raises many social or legal problems (for example, the admissibility of the death penalty, abortion, or human cloning) in one or another aspect affecting the right for life to the rank of global problems of the present. Events of the past few years only prove the unchanging importance of the issue of euthanasia. In 2005, people of the United States engaged in the debate considering the death of Terri Schiavo, who was in coma induced by clinical death and subsequent irreversible brain damage for 15 years. According to the Courts of the State of Florida decision made by the suit of Terris husband, Michael Schiavo, she was disconnected from the artificial feeding apparatus that r esulted in her death.

Separation of powers in Malaysia and United Kingdom Essay

Separation of powers in Malaysia and United Kingdom - Essay Example House of Lords mainly consists of minorities of the hereditary peers which mainly are life members appointed by Crown and Archbishops and Bishops of the Church of England. Under the constitutional reforms of 2005, Lords of Appeal in ordinary who have been members of the House of Lords will no longer be entitled to further sit in the Lords. The judiciary includes the judges in the courts of law and those holding judicial offices in tribunals and the magistrates who work in the magistrate’s courts. Senior appointments to the judiciary are appointed by the Crown (Trone 312). The function of the judiciary is to interpret the legislation in line with the intention of the parliament and develop the common law. Under the constitution, the judges are subordinate to parliament and have no right to challenge the legislation of parliament like the validity of Acts of parliament. Judges are barred from vying for elective positions under the House of Commons disqualification act of 1975. T he Constitutional reforms act of 2005 criticized the work of the House of Lords chancellor sine he could appoint the judges and played a central political role in the government. Chancellor presided the House of Lords as the speaker therefore playing a legislative role. The roles were criticized since they contravened the doctrine of separation of powers by concentrating the executive, judiciary and parliamentary functions in one person. In the case of McGonnell V. United Kingdom (2000) the European court of human rights ruled that the right of fair trial was violated by participation of the Deputy Bailiff who was both a member of Court and member of the legislature at the same time. This saw the reformation of the office of the Lord Chancellor (Shar 45). Malaysia The government structure of... The paper tells that under the British constitution, there is no strict separation of powers but there is a system of check and balances which ensure the powers are not abused. The fundamental purpose of the doctrine of separation of powers is to ensure powers are not abused and the civil rights and liberties of the citizens are protected. Under a written constitution, the powers are distributed to the various institutions will be strictly defined. In United Kingdom, Judges in the high courts exercise their independence in according to Act of settlement 1700 which protects their tenure in office and guards their independence from executive and legislative influence. The judges enjoy immunity from legal proceedings in their functions even if they make defamatory statements during the court proceedings. In Malaysia, the judges do not exercise their judicial independence since they are appointed by the executive. The right to exercise their judicial powers in delivering the judgments ha s been limited by the constitution. Both countries have two levels of government. The separation of powers is clear in United Kingdom though it may be entrenched in the constitution. The separation of powers ensures each organ of government does not abuse its powers. In Malaysia, there is no separation of powers since executive is more powerful than the other arms of the government. The judicial independence and powers are limited by the constitution in Malaysia. In Malaysia, the parliament has been used to rubber stamp the decisions of the executive since the Prime Minister comes from the party with majority members in parliament.

Youth and Problem Gambling in Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Youth and Problem Gambling in Australia - Essay Example Gambling is so prevalent that in 1993 alone, Australians spent 6 billion dollars, more or less, on lotteries, horse racing, gaming and other forms of gambling. Most states not only tolerate it, but profits from shares of revenues of these gambling outfits. Gambling’s wide acceptance in the Australian culture and its availability encourage youth gambling (Moore & Ohtsuka 2002, pp. 429-430). Moreover, high gaming and wagering opportunities mostly account for youth gambling in Australia. These opportunities take the form of EGMs that can be found in hotels and clubs in most states except in Western Australia, casinos, and games of chance like X-lotto, Tattslotto, Powerball, Keno, scratch-tickets and Bingo, some of which are sponsored by state governments. In addition, advances in technology open another opportunities for youth participation in gambling and wagering. These new technologies include the internet and mobile telephony. On the other hand, some events that provide gambl ing and wagering opportunities, such as such as sports bar, specifically target the youth as its niche market (South Australian Centre for Economic Studies 2003, p. 1). In 2000, a study was made on 505 Australian youths aged 15 to 17. It was found that 60% of these youth gambled periodically, with 3.5% of them characterised as problem gamblers. On the whole, the study revealed that they had a predilection towards gambling as evinced by their attitude towards gambling, intention to gamble and actual participation. A positive attitude towards gambling was influenced by family, society and peers whilst frequent gambling was associated with parental and peer gambling. It was also revealed that youths whose parents taught them the value of money (budgeting and... In Australia, gambling is a popular and accepted form of pastime and is considered well-entrenched in the Australian culture. Gambling is so prevalent that in 1993 alone, Australians spent 6 billion dollars, more or less, on lotteries, horse racing, gaming and other forms of gambling. Most states not only tolerate it, but profits from shares of revenues of these gambling outfits. Gambling’s wide acceptance in the Australian culture and its availability encourage youth gambling. Moreover, high gaming and wagering opportunities mostly account for youth gambling in Australia.On the other hand, some events that provide gambling and wagering opportunities, such as such as sports bar, specifically target the youth as its niche market. Gambling is well-entrenched in the Australian culture, but gambling really flourished in the 1990s with the introduction of modern EGMs and the proliferation of huge casinos all over the country. Gambling is now considered a growth industry in Australia bringing revenues not only to private operators but to the government as well. The downside, however, to this growth industry are the twin problems of youth and problem gambling that are now slowly emerging in the horizon. Although problem gambling affects only a negligible number of persons, its dispersive nature logically involves more persons than the problem gamblers themselves. On the other hand, youth gambling is closely linked to problem gambling because studies have indicated that most problem gamblers belong to the 18 to 30 age groups, which naturally leads one to conclude that for these people, gambling must have started at a really young age. Studies, which have pegged the crucial age at, as young as, ten, have confirmed th is theory. Youth gambling is closely linked to familial, societal and peer influences.