The Impact of ISPs on the Architecture of the Internet :: Internet Cause Effect Papers

The Impact of ISPs on the Architecture of the Internet The Internet was started over three decades ago as a US government sponsored project. The Internet originally connected several universities and the government; it eventually grew to include some private companies/research labs. As such, the initial users of the Internet were scientists/technologists who were well versed in the workings of the network (and who did not have the malicious intents of modern hackers). The motivation of the Internet at this time was to provide a robust nationwide communication network and to allow for the sharing of scientific research/resources around the nation1. The original architecture of the Internet is often described as an end-to-end architecture. The end-to-end architecture is a decentralized one in which a â€Å"mechanism should not be placed in the network if it can be placed at the end node† 2. This type of design keeps the core of the network simple and generic. Since that time, however, the scale of the Internet has grown exponentially. It became increasingly difficult for a government-sponsored network to scale to such sizes, so the government gradually turned the network over to the private sector. Since the government is no longer responsible for access to the Internet, private companies – Internet Service Providers (ISPs) – have emerged to provide access to this vast network. These ISPs, of course, are private companies whose principal goal is to make a profit – a radical contrast to the goal of the original ISP, the US government. The rise of ISPs as dominant players in today’s Internet has been a catalyst for a more centralized network that is shifting away from the original end to end design; this change has been a negative one for it has hurt the most important group associated with the Internet – the end users. One of the most fundamental changes from the early days of the Internet to today has been the shift to privatization. It is the profit-making end of ISPs that drives their actions and it is in this interest that ISPs are attempting to move the Internet away from its end-to-end beginnings. In order to make a profit, ISPs must first attract a sizeable number of customers to buy their service and then obtain a significant profit for the services they provide. In the free market economy, ISPs must compete with one another for customers; to be competitive in this market, ISPs must have some attractive feature to offer customers: low prices, unlimited connection hours, high speed access, or some other attractive service that is unique to that particular ISP.

Graphic Design

Visual communication is the transformation of thoughts and ideas into pictures, photos, graphs and drawings. It is considered as the most interesting and fascinating form of communication because of the creativity it contains and the vision it requires. According to Wikipedia, visual communication is most commonly used daily when surfing the internet because a person uses his eyes to view the websites therefore the content of the website should be clear and understandable for the viewer’s eyes. It is usually practiced by using the means of graphic design in order to put across their ideas into pictures or real life projects. This paper will talk about Graphic design, Graphic Designers, the steps a person needs to take to become a graphic designer, all the different fields in graphic design and the way the United Arab Emirates supports its students and future designers. Graphic designers are needed in all types of corporations including commercial and entertainment businesses. In accordance to Wikipedia, â€Å"graphic design is the process of communicating visually using text and images to present information. In contrast to what people might think, graphic design â€Å"often refers to both the process (designing) by which the communication is created and the products (designs) which are generated. † In order for a person to choose graphic design as a career path , that person should be exceptionally creative and artistic, capable of working under pressure to meet de adlines, and has the ability to communicate well with others because his job description will oblige him to correspond with clients frequently and execute their requirements and desires in his/her work. In reference to newsbytes, a graphic designer should be well aware of the functionality of his/her design rather than just being worried about meeting with the client’s request. â€Å"Give clients what they really need, not what they say they need† says Brad Husick, director of marketing for Clement Mok Design. Since graphic designers are responsible for designing the layouts of books, magazines, journals, websites and advertisements, they should always try to modernize their ideas by time in order for their business to receive more clients and become more successful. Another requirement of becoming a graphic designer is to receive a certificate that proves the person is capable of using any program that is relevant to design, since employers won’t request work experience but they would rather have a person with skill rather than experience (The Advertiser, March 1991). There is a long list to go through in order for a person to choose what part of graphic design he/she want to specialize in. That list includes creative director, layout artist, brand identity design, logo designer, flash designer, illustrator, technical illustrator, Photoshop artist, multimedia designer, photographer, prepress technician and a web designer. Each of these job titles has responsibilities such as, a creative director is responsible for â€Å"making sure that each of these workers produce and complete their work on time and to the client’s satisfaction. † A logo designer’s job is â€Å"to provide a new and innovative way to express the key message of a company through a recognizable image. And a web designer ‘s job is to create the pages, layout, and graphics for web pages, they play a key role in the development of a website. † Each one of these jobs requires different courses, different certificates, and different experience, but they all share the sense of creativity and inventiveness in them. They also require a sense of â€Å"visual and organizational s kills† in order for them to complete their vital duties towards the customers and their requests. In addition, these jobs require attention to detail, problem solving skills, and an up to date knowledge of using new design software. As for graphic designers in the United Arab Emirates, they are mostly local women who aspire to play an important role in the development in their country and hope to offer back just a part of what their country offered them as of education and job opportunities. I interviewed a small number of Zayed University Graphic design students, who are exceptionally enjoying their courses and university experience, partly because of the encouraging and artistic environment that surrounds them from teachers, colleagues and administrators. A graduated student commented on her own work â€Å"after accomplishing your design and perfecting it, you get a great sense of satisfaction and contentment from within. † (AlSiri,F. )She also talked about how her family are exceedingly supportive to her studies and designs and continuously try to help her improve her designs and outcomes. The majority of the students agreed that their university is tremendously encouraging and that their teachers are always enthusiastic about their work and designs and re continuously motivating them to work harder and achieve higher positions. They also praised the encouragement and support of His Highness Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashed Al-Maktoum for the female students who are trying their best to fulfill their dreams and improve the development of their country, whereas he has made everything uncomplicated for them and helped them by promoting women as leaders and motivating women to head their own businesses and offices through his Highnessà ¢â‚¬â„¢ establishment for supporting small businesses. In conclusion, graphic design is an extremely interesting but difficult profession that requires a variety of skills due to its involvement in both art, I. T and communication. Whereas a graphic designer should learn how to communicate well with his clients, as a part of his job, in order for him to succeed and complete his work creatively yet to the client’s liking. Additionally, a graphic designer should be very accurate with his deadlines and might sometimes renounce the privilege of sleep, rest or food just to complete his requested orders and tasks. This career path is proven to be for individuals that have the ability and will to work hard and part of a team in order to accomplish the impossible, it also requires a passion for creating new designs and accepting criticism from people with different tastes. Communication research paper Graphic Design

Financial Crisis Across The World Since Currency Essay

There has been financial crisis across the world since currency came about. It started with the barter system which allowed people to trade goods and services but this sometimes proved to be more difficult than beneficial. Then around 600 B.C., coins and currency came about. Since then currency went from being precious metals to paper money. With the development of currency, came international trade. â€Å"Banks and the ruling classes started buying currencies from other nations and created the first currency market. The stability of a particular monarchy or government affected the value of the country s currency and the ability for that country to trade on an increasingly international market. The competition between countries often led to currency wars, where competing countries would try to affect the value of the competitor s currency by driving it up and making the enemy s goods too expensive, by driving it down and reducing the enemy s buying power (and ability to pay for a wa r), or by eliminating the currency completely† (Beattie, 2007). Money gets its value by being a medium of exchange, a unit of measurement and a storehouse for wealth. Money allows people to trade goods and services indirectly and understand the price of goods. We can see the evidence of financial crisis throughout time with the â€Å"credit crisis of 2007-2008† and the â€Å"Russian Crisis of 1998† and its global impact. Although Russia was experiencing economic growth in 1997 â€Å"†¦the country’s fixed exchangeShow MoreRelatedFinancial Crisis Across The World Since Currency Essay2229 Words   |  9 PagesThere has been a financial crisis across the world since currency came about. 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